Honeybee Nutrition: Physiological and Ecological Insights

Bees play a vital role in global agriculture through their pollination services; however, their populations have declined over the past three decades due to various stress, including nutritional deficits stemming from habitat loss and alteration. ​This review emphasizes the critical need for understanding bee nutrition, which is essential for overcoming these declines.​ With their evolutionary background alongside flowering plants, bees have adapted to a herbivorous diet primarily consisting of floral nectar and pollen. Nectar provides the energy necessary for flight and other metabolic processes, while pollen supplies essential proteins, fats and micronutrients. Foraging behaviors vary among bee species and are influenced by environmental factors and the genetic composition of the colony. Honey bees exhibit complex social structures where worker bees gather nectar, pollen and water, each contributing to the nutritional needs of the colony. The transformation of collected nectar into honey and pollen into bee bread illustrates bees unique food storage strategies, providing vital nutrition to larvae and adult workers. Additionally, understanding the nutritional processes involved in larval development and royal jelly production sheds light on caste differentiation and overall colony health. This comprehensive view on bee nutrition underscores its significance for future conservation strategies.